Leadership styles and management theories alisajjad3. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. As long as you have the definitions memorized and can remember x is bad and y is good, you will do well on any related exam questions. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2.
Douglas mcgregor was one the writer who came up with management theories known as theory x and theory y managers. Posts about theory x theory y written by biz psycho. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Theory x takes on the view that managers are responsible for the organizing of employees, materials, and the machines that the organisation uses to achieve their organisations goals or to get desirable outcomes halepota. Theory y assumes that people view work as being as natural as play and rest and spend the same. Deming went to japan just after the war to help set up.
Drive by daniel pink is fascinating he takes us back to the work of harlow more famous for his surrogate monkey mother experiments, mcgregors theory x, theory y, and type ab theory. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. Innovators and adapters respond differently to a theory y style of leadership. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregor s theory x and theory y. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Henri fayol described management as to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate and to control. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Strengths and weaknesses of theory y and theory x leaders.
The notions were developed by douglas mcgregor back in the 1960s in a book he titled the human side of enterprise. Two distinct sets of assumptions that managers, in general, have about their employees and which often turn out to be selffulfilling prophesies. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Theory x and theory y effective leadership determines the success of any organization, whether it is commercial, educational, governmental, or a nonprofit one. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. Mcgregor theory x and y study guide by clugo95 includes 2 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. I like mcgregors arguments partly because they can be applied to all sorts of situations from the dawn of human history.
As such, both styles of management may have their place in the workforce where the primary need is to motivate employees and maximize productivity. Theory x represents a negative view of human nature that assumes individuals generally dislike work, are irresponsible, and require close supervision to do their jobs. Work can be very normal if the working environments are positive. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. Understanding management and leadership styles cmi.
Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. In his theory about management attitudes at two opposite poles mcgregors theory x and theory y, he never intended to indicate that x was bad and y good, nor that any leader should find a spot between the two and set up camp. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. Theory x and theory y are based on two different assumptions regarding human behaviour within an organisation. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Theory x leaders would be more authoritarian, while theory y leaders would be more leadership participative. Douglas mcgregor, working in the 1960s, believed that management style was determined by the managers assumptions about human. Theory xbased leadership is better employed in organizations where workers do manual or routine work, so that the results are tangible and standardized. In such systems, there is usually little chance of employee career growth.
Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. Leaders know best, and should closely direct actions taken by staff, with little room for independence and responsibility. The next section of the chapter is devoted to an account of the characteristics that a. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Theory y the physical and mental effort in work is as play or rest. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. Both theory x and theory y are in agreement that a managers responsibility is to plan, organize and coordinate workplace activities in order to meet organizational goals and maximize efficiencies. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management.
Understand the contrast between the two theories or completely different styles of management and learn how you can apply this in your organizational context. Theory z managers would have to have a great deal of trust that their workers could make sound decisions. Douglas mcgregors 1969 theory x and theory y is a theory that tries to explain and describe differences in mananagement styles and leadership behavior. According to douglas mcgregor, there are two categorizations of what motivates people. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings. Given the drawbacks of theory x, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theory y.
The development and validation of the theory y leadership. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style. Theories x and y play an important role in how we perceive our colleagues and, in turn, how they perform in the workplace. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. I n the 1960s, douglas mcgregor identified two theories of management that he called theory x and theory y. In his book, the human side of enterprise, he outlined a new role for managers. In a nutshell, theory x states that people inherently dislike their jobs, see them as a necessary evil, are unmotivated, and must be externally controlled throughout the day by coercion, direction, or threat of punishment. Learn about theory x and theory y proposed by mcgregor in 1960s and understand what management styles they encourage respectively. The main difference between these two theories was the attitude of the manager towards employees.
Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward deming. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. In my xyz theory of leadership, each of the eight leader modes displayed in figure 1b and 16 in figure 1a has two mb archetypes, for a total of 16 listed in table 2 below. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done. Edwards deming w edwards deming was an american statistician who is associated with the rise of japan as a manufacturing nation, and with the invention of total quality management tqm. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y represent two sets of assumptions about human nature and human behavior that are relevant to the practice of management. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. But in both cases it seems that the managers would still retain a great deal of control. As opposed to it, ybased leadership makes more sense in organizations where creativity and teamwork are essential.
Myersbriggs, xyz leadership and team roles by david m. X, y, z leadership dimensions click here for larger version. Commitment to objectives depend on the rewards associated with the achievement. Average human being learns under proper conditions, not only to accept, but to shed responsibility. Our aim is to deliver breakthrough products and solutions that make our clients successful. Theory x suggests that people work for extrinsic reasons in other words, money. He reports numerous studies showing that altruistic behaviour can be tainted by financial incentives and. Our article on transformational leadership can also give you tips on how to inspire and motivate your people.
Theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or organization to lead or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. However, he found that an organisation driven solely by theory y could not succeed, as some sense of direction and structure was required.
The development and validation of the theory y leadership dispositions instrument patricia krumnow follow this and additional works at. Theory x assumes humans inherently dislike working and will try to avoid it if they can. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Theory x, theory y by douglas mcgregor is a motivation theory. Technofunc mcgregors leadership theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation. The required management style in this model would be authoritarian and hard. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Douglas mcgregor assumes that an organization and its leaders can have different views on the skills and the motivation of the members of the organization. The hard and soft approach of theory x key issues with theory x. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punishment to ge thet m to pu fortt h adequate effort toward achieving organizational objectives. Douglas mcgregor is a social psychologist and applied two sets of assumptions to the organizational structure called theory x and theory y. Theory x and y are 2 contrasting employee motivation and organizational development models developed by douglas mcgregor.
Theory z managers would have to have a great deal of trust. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Theory x and theory y are two simplified versions of widespread attitudes about leadership and management. Man will exercise self control in the service of objective to which he is committed. Leadership assumes that money is only motivation for the employees, and they will. Xteacher and theory yteacher in the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. This theory is linked to management and leadership, and assumes that.
Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. According to this theory, a great deal of creative potential basically goes untapped and if these abilities can be tapped, workers will provide much higher quantity and quality of output. During the past 30 years, managers have been bombarded with two competing approaches to the problems of human administration and organization. However, commentators and practitioners have often misinterpreted his ideas to assume exactly that. The right leader will facilitate achievement of organizational objectives and empower employees, so that they can accomplish more. Jun, 2017 i hope you learned a little more about mcgregors theory x and theory y. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Categorized under business, management, psychology differences between theory x and theory y. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s.
His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Theory x and theory y are wellresearched leadership principles. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. If you think that your group members hate their work then you.
Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. The role of the theory x manager is to coerce and control employees to work towards organizational goals. Remote work advice from the largest allremote company. Recommended citation krumnow, patricia, the development and validation of the theory y leadership dispositions instrument 2010. International management chapter flashcards quizlet. Douglas mcgregor believed that there were two types of managers. Theory x undertakes that the principal source of most employee motivation is monetary, with a strong security. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. In strong contrast to theory x are the assumptions of theory y.
Specialist literature debates various viewpoints, contrasting eastern and western approaches to leadership, and also within the west united states versus european approaches. It is one of four important motivation theories you will need to know for the exam. Tausky 1992, 4, theory x assumptions still prevail in the. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. It then discusses another way of categorizing leadership styles, based on the leadership grid, and explores the view that a leader needs to use different styles in different situations. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave.
1374 489 532 335 1118 343 724 1011 1374 1133 746 442 367 1529 834 1344 930 227 404 1166 143 760 1587 89 611 702 1218 494 954 1265 363 672 1043 717 734 1238 489 1450 473